Ethical issues in the conduct of longitudinal studies of addiction treatment.

Many complex ethical issues arise in the day-to-day conduct of longitudinal studies of addiction treatment. These issues are rooted, in part, in the sustained and potentially ambiguous relationship between research staff and study participants, the frequently changing clinical and legal status of study participants, the assertive methods required to generate high follow-up rates, and the numerous systems of care and control in which participants are involved. To identify common ethical issues that arise in such studies, the authors conducted individual and group interviews with seasoned members (case trackers, field trackers, interviewers, and supervisors) of the research team. The ethical dilemmas identified through these interviews fell into seven broad arenas: (1) informed consent for research participation, (2) confidentiality and information disclosure, (3) relationship boundaries between study participants and research staff, (4) duty to warn/report responsibilities, (5) questions of autonomy and privacy, (6) issues related to compensation for research participation, and (7) data integrity. Case studies that illustrate common ethical dilemmas within each of these seven areas are presented and discussed. Ethical dilemmas in the study of addiction treatment can be effectively managed via ethically informed research protocols, staff training in ethical decision-making, monitoring and supervision, and collective debriefing of critical events.